三、非谓语动词 不定式(to + V)
动名词
分词-ing
分词-ed
(一)动词不定式(to+动词原形)
动词不定式的语法功能
可以做除谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。
1)作主语
不定式或不定式短语作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。如:
To serve the people well is our duty.
动词不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,用引导词it作形式主语。上述句子也可改为:
It is our duty to serve the people well.
类似这样不定式做主语的句型有:
It is + n.+ to do
It takes sb.+ some time + to do
It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do
It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do
例如:
It is our duty to help them.
It will take you quite a long time to finish it.
It is easy for us to answer this question.
It is kind of you to help me.
注:
1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right等。
2)作宾语
We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.
注意:
如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补语,这时,通常要用"it"作形式宾语,而将不定式放到补语后面去。
例如:
他们发现提前把一切都准备好是不可能的。
×They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.
宾语 宾补
×They found to get everything ready in advance is impossible.
√They found it impossible to get everything ready in
宾补 宾语
advance.
再看下面的两个例句:
I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.
Robert doesn't think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet.
三级出题方式:
I _____ to point out their shortcomings.
A.consider it my duty
B.consider it is my duty
3)作定语
This is the best way to solve the problem.
注意:
①用不定式作定语时,它与它所修饰的词有时是动宾关系,所以如果不定式是不及物动词,其后面应跟上必要的介词。
例如:
Mary needs a friend to play with.
There is nothing to worry about.
Because air pollution has been greatly reduced, this city is still _____ .
A.a good place to live
B.a good place for living in
C.a good place to be lived in
D.a good place to live in
**:D
②不定式作定语,如果与他所修饰的词是动宾关系,则不定式后面不能再带宾语。
例如:
×Here is a letter for you to type it.
√Here is a letter for you to type.
×The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.
√The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.
同时要注意:在这类结构中,常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。
4)作状语
In order to overcome difficulties, we must work hard.
注意:
①不定式能够修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词,在句中作状语,这时不定式不能再带宾语。
例如:
√The water is unfit to drink.
×The water is unfit to drink it.
√They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand.
×They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand it.
同时要注意:在这类结构中,常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。
②作状语的不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。
例如:
×To save money, the bus was taken instead of plane.
√To save money, we took the bus instead of plane.
让我们看一道2005年11月份的三级试题:
To succeed in a scientific experiment,______.
A.one needs being patient person.
B.patience is to need.
C.one needs to be patient.
D.patience is what needed.
**:C
2.不定式的逻辑主语
如要表明不定式或不定式的动作发出者(即逻辑主语),就要在不定式前用for+名词(或代词的宾格)。如:
Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?
The conference is too important for you to miss.
3.不定式的时态和语态
不定式有一般、完成、进行等几种常用的形式,也有主动和被动语态的区别。以study为例:
主动/被动一般式to study; to be studied
进行式to be studying
完成式to have studied; to have been studied
1)不定式的时态
不定式的一般式(to do)所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作是同时发生,或是在其后发生的。如:
Thousands of young people are learning to ski.
不定式的进行式(to be doing)所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时进行的,而且是正在进行的。如:
They seemed to be getting along quite well.
不定式的完成进行时(to have done)表示限于谓语动词之前发生的动作或状态,to have + V-ed 表示动作,to have been 表示状态。如:
She seems to have finished her work.
不定式的完成进行时表示动作在谓语动词之前发生,而且一直进行着。如:
She was happy to have been staying with her aunt.
2)不定式的语态
每个不定式都有其逻辑主语,如果逻辑主语是动作的发出者,不定式用主动式,如果其逻辑主语是动作的承受者,不定式用被动式。如:
The doctor recommended him to air the room.
医生建议他打扫房间。
The doctor recommended the room to be aired.
医生建议打扫房间。
考试重点:使用不带to的不定式的几种情况
(1)在口语中,以why开头的简单问句中。例如:
Why do it that way?
Why not go out for a walk?
(2)某些使役动词,如make, let,have等后面跟动词不定时作宾语补足语时,用省略to的不定式。如:
Let him do it.让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
(3)表示生理感觉的动词后接不定时作宾语补足语时,不定式不带to.这类词有:
feel 觉得 observe 注意到,看到 hear听到
watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉,感知
notice注意 see看见 look at看
注意:
表示 "感觉"的动词,既可以用不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语,又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,但两者有含义上的差别。现在分词作这些动词的宾语补足语,表示动作的进行,以不带to的不定式作这些动词的宾语补足语,表示动作的完成。
例如:
I heard her playing the violin.
我听到她在拉小提琴.
I don't see the ball break the window.
我没有看到球砸坏玻璃.
注意:
上述使役动词与感觉动词转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式需带to,如:
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
(4)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。例如:
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.
昨天晚上,除了看电视,我什么也没干。
但是,如果谓语动词不是"do nothing,anything,everything",那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带to.
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.
医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but remain silent.
除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别的办法。
记忆口诀:
前面有do,后面省to,前面无do,后面带to.
(5)下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法,只能用省to的不定式形式。
can not help but do(不得不)
can not but do(不得不)
cannot choose but do(只能)
have no choice but do (只能)
had better do(最好)
would rather do(宁愿)
例如:
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
不定式练习
翻译下列句子:
走路去那里十分钟就到了。(考查不定式做主语的句型)
下一步做什么还没定。(考查疑问词+不定式的用法)
我们不可能赶上第一班车。(考查不定式做主语)
学英语的学生必须有本好字典。(考查不定式做主语,同时考察不定式的逻辑主语)
他是我们班唯一说英语的人。(考查不定式作定语)
他说话太快,我们跟不上。(考查too…to…结构,不定式作状语)
大厅足够大,能容纳一百人。(考查enough…to…结构,不定式作状语)
起床后妈妈会提醒我洗脸。(考查不定式作宾补)
为了不让我们失望,你必须遵守你的诺言。(考查不定式作状语)
参考**
It takes ten minutes to walk there.
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