（三）分词（v + ing 和v + ed） 1.分词的语法功能
分词在句中可作定语、状语、补足语和表语
作定语
现在分词表示主动，进行，过去分词表示被动，完成。
注意：
现在分词作定语时，表示正在进行的动作，或表示现状。同时表示主动。
例如：
Give the note to the man sitting at that desk.
过去分词作定语时，表示完成的动作。同时表示被动。有时过去分词仅仅表示被动。
例如：
We've met the doctor sent to work here by the city hospital.（表被动和完成）
Some of the questions _____ in the book are easy to perform.（仅表被动）
A.being described
B.described
C.to be described
D.Having been described
**：B
不定式作定语表示即将发生的动作。
例如：
The question _____ tomorrow is whether income tax should be increased.
A.to be debated
B.to debate
C.debated
D.is debated
**：A
作状语
分词或分词短语可作状语，说明谓语表示的动作发生的时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓语加以补充说明等。现在分词作状语含有主动的意思，过去分词作状语含有被动的意思，或是表示状态。
例如：
① ______ ,he had asked three persons before he got there.
A.Not knowing where was the bookstore
B.Knowing not where the bookstore was
C.Not knowing where the bookstore was
D.Not to know where the bookstore was
**：C
②______ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a "blue planet".
A.Seen
B.Seeing
C.To be seen
D.Having seen
**：A
注意：
分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。
例如：
Waiting for a bus, a stone hit me.
By swimming an hour everyday, Jane's weight was reduced from 120 to 110 pounds.
Made of plastic, I didn't expect the chairs would be that strong.
以上三句话应当分别改为：
While I was waiting for the bus, a stone hit me.
By swimming an hour everyday, Jane reduced her weight from 120 to 110 pounds.
As the chairs were made of plastic, I didn't expect they would be that strong.
分词的独立结构
分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语和主句谓语动词的一致性。否则，分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称为分词独立结构。
例如：
The work done, they put away their tools and left the workshop.
（= When the work has been done, they put away their tools and left the workshop.）
His health failing, he decided to retire from office.
（= Since his health failed, he decided to retire from office.）
分词独立结构有时还可由介词with, without引出，通常用于补充说明或表示伴随情况，有时也有时间、原因、条件、结果等含义，翻译时可根据上下文译为"随着…"，"…之后"，"由于"等，有时也可不译出，如：
With summer coming on, it's time to buy air conditioners.
出题形式与应对策略：
______ , they went swimming.
A.Being a hot day
B.It was a hot day
C.Due to a hot day
D.The day being hot
**：D
①首先看题干，逗号的后面是一个完整的句子，两部分用逗号连接，现在我们必须清楚的是逗号并不能连接两个并列句，不等于连词and，因此选项B是错误的。但是，在考察分词作状语或分词的独立结构作状语的时候，四个选项中会有像选项B这样的选项。也就是说下列结构是错误的：
×It was a hot day, they went swimming.
√It was a hot day, and they went swimming.
√Since it was a hot day, they went swimming.
注：英语的语法是显性的，句子之间的各种关系要体现在形式上，而汉语的语法则是隐形的，句子之间的各种关系要语义来传达。
小练习
把下列划线的句子改为分词结构：
1.As the secretary was away, Mr Green had to type his final grade.
2.Since Mother was ill, I offered to do the cooking.
3.The machine consists of three parts, each of which has its own motor.
4.When class was over, the students went to the playground to watch the ball game.
5.Because the book was written in English, we found it easy to read.
6.Because a heavy rain flooded the road, he returned three days late than expected.
7.He prayed silently and his eyes were closed.
参考**：
1.The secretary being away, …
2.Mother being ill, …
3.…, each having its own motor.
4.Class being over, …
5.The book being written in English, …
6.A heavy rain flooding the road, …
7.…, his eyes closed.
作宾语补足语
注意1：
使役动词have, make, get的后面可以接过去分词作宾补，keep的后面则接现在分词作宾补。在"have+ sth.+过去分词"的结构中，宾语补语所表示的动作往往是由别人来完成的。
例如：
①"I can't see the blackboard very well."
"Perhaps you need ______ ."
A.to examine your eyes.
B.to have examined your eyes.
C.having your eyes examined.
D.to have your eyes examined.
**：D
②When visiting a foreign country, I sometimes found it difficult_____.
A.to make myself understood
B.to make others understand myself
C.to make myself understand
D.making others understand me
**：A
③There was so much noise outside that the speaker could hardly______.
A.make the audience hear
B.make himself be heard
C.make that the audience would hear
D.make himself heard
**：D
It's about the time we got the kitchen repainted.
I'll try not to keep you waiting.
You'd better keep the engine running all night.
注意2：
表示感觉的动词notice, find, see, watch, hear, smell, feel等后面可以接现在分词作宾补，表示动作正在进行。
例如：
Did you smell something ______ .
A.having burnt
B.to have burnt
C.burning
D.to be burning
**：C
We watched the workmen sawing the trees.
作表语
注意；
现在分词作表语表示主语的特征，常用于事物；过去分词作表语表示主语的状态，常用于人。
例如：
The game sound interesting.
I am interested in the game.
这类词常见的有：
interesting使人感到高兴 ─ interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的 ─ excited感到激动的
disappointing令人失望的 ─ disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的 ─ encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的 ─ pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的 ─ puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的 ─ satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的 ─ surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的 ─ worried感到担心的
分词的时态和语态
现在分词有一般式和完成式，并有主动和被动语态。过去分词则只有一种形式，现以动词study为例：
主动/被动现在分词一般式：studying; being studied
完成式：having studied; having been studied
过去分词：studied
1） 现在分词的完成式：having done表示分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前。例如：
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
Not having made adequate preparations, we postponed the sports meet.
2） 现在分词的被动式：being done，表示某一被动动作在讲话时正在发生，或与谓语的动作同时发生。例如：
Who is the patient being operated on?
正在被做手术的那位病人是谁？（作定语）
You will find the matter being talked about all over the town.
你会发现城里到处都在谈论这件事情。（作宾补）
非谓语动词练习
1.There are many kinds of metals, _______.
A.each having its special properties
B.having its special properties
C.one has its special properties
D.each has its special properties
**：A
2._______ in the air, fuels give off heat.
A.To burn
B.Burned
C.To be burned
D.Being burned
**：B
3.______ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a "blue planet"
A
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